Juvenile Probation

Community Treatment

Historical Development

Suppression Effect

Expanding Community Treatment

Contemporary Juvenile Probation

The Nature of Probation

Conditions of Probation

Organization and Administration

Duties of Juvenile Probation Officers

Juvenile Probation Officer

Social Investigation Report

Checkpoints

Community treatment refers to efforts to provide care, protection, and treatment for juveniles in need.

Institutional treatment facilities restrict movement of residents through staff monitoring, locked exits, and interior fence controls.

Probation is the primary form of community treatment used by the juvenile justice system.

First developed in Massachusetts, probation had become a cornerstone of the court structure by 1890.

Massachusetts has closed most of its secure juvenile facilities and relies almost entirely on community treatment.

Probation is a direct judicial order that allows a youth to remain in the community under court-ordered supervision.

Probation conditions are rules mandating that a juvenile on probation behave in a particular way.

The juvenile probation officer plays an important role in the justice process, beginning with intake and continuing throughout the period in which a juvenile is under court supervision.

Probation Innovations

Intensive Supervision

Electronic Monitoring

House Arrest

Balanced Probation

Restitution

Monetary Restitution

Victim Service Restitution

Community Service Restitution

Does Restitution Work?

Residential Community Treatment

Residential Programs

Group Homes

Foster Care Programs

Family Group Homes

Rural Programs

Reform Schools

Cottage System

What Does This Mean to Me? Community Treatment for Juvenile Offenders: Not In My Backyard.

Checkpoints

There are new programs being developed that are "probation plus," because they add restrictive penalties and conditions to community service orders.

Juvenile intensive probation supervision (JIPS) involves treatment as part of a very small probation caseload that receives almost daily scrutiny.

Electronic monitoring combined with house arrest is being implemented in juvenile correction policy.

Balanced probation systems integrate community protection, accountability of the juvenile offender, and individualized attention to the offender.

Monetary restitution allows a juvenile to reimburse the victim of the crime or donate money to a charity or public cause.

Community service restitution allows juveniles to engage in public works as part of their disposition.

Residential community programs are usually divided into four major categories: group homes, foster homes, family group homes, and rural programs.

Secure Corrections

History of Juvenile Institutions

Twentieth Century Developments

Juvenile Institution today: Public and Private

Least Restrictive Alternative

Population Trends

Physical Conditions

The Institutionalized Juvenile

Male Inmates

Females

Checkpoints

Massachusetts opened the first juvenile correctional facility, the Lyman School for boys in Westborough, in 1846.

Since the 1970s, a major change in institutionalization has been the effort to remove status offenders from institutions housing juvenile delinquents.

Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, admissions to juvenile correctional facilities grew substantially.

Today there are slightly less than 109,000 juveniles being held in public and private facilities.

There may be a hidden juvenile correctional system that places wayward youths in private mental hospitals and substance abuse clinics.

The typical resident of a juvenile facility is a fifteen- to sixteen-year-old White male incarcerated for an average stay of five months in a public facility or six months in a private facility.

Minority youths are incarcerated at a rate two to five times that of Whites.

Males make up the bulk of institutionalized youth, and most programs are directed towards their needs.

Female inmates are believed to be the target of sexual abuse and are denied the same treatment options as males.

Correctional Treatment for Juveniles

Group Treatment Techniques

Individual Treatment Techniques: Past and Present

Individual Counseling

Psychotherapy

Reality Therapy

Behavior Modification

Group Therapy

Guided Group Interaction

Positive Peer Culture

Milieu Therapy

Education, Vocational, and Recreational Programs

Wilderness Programs

Juvenile Boot Camps

Metanalysis

Checkpoints

Nearly all juvenile institutions implement some form of treatment program.

Reality therapy, a commonly used individual approach, emphasizes current, rather than past, behavior by stressing that offenders are completely responsible for their own actions.

Group therapy is more commonly used with kids than individual therapy.

Guided group interaction and positive peer culture are popular group treatment techniques.

Many but not all institutions either allow juveniles to attend a school in the community or offer programs that lead to a high school diploma or GED certificate.

Wilderness programs involved troubled youth using outdoor activities as a mechanism to improve their social skills, self-concepts, and self-control.

Correctional boot camps combine the get-tough elements of adult programs with education, substance abuse treatment, and social skills training.

The Legal Right to Treatment

The Struggle for Basic Civil Rights

Juvenile Aftercare

Supervision

Parole Guidelines

Focus on Preventing and Treating Delinquency: Using the Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP) Model

Aftercare Revocation Procedures