THORNBERRY

	ONCE YOUTHS BECOME MEMBERS OF GANGS
	RATES OF DELINQUENCY AND DRUG USE INCREASE

ROCHESTER YOUTH DEVELOPMENT STUDY

GANG MEMBERS ACCOUNTED FOR MORE THAN 85 % OF SERIOUS DELINQUENT ACTS

	OFFICIAL DATA HIGHER AS POLICE MORE LIKELY TO ARREST THOSE IN GROUPS
	HILDELANG FOUND THAT USING MARIJUANA AND GETTING DRUNK ARE SOCIAL ACTIVITIES, BUT CARRYING A WEAPON MORE LIKELY ALONE

	WINFREE’S RESEARCH
	A PRO-GANG ATTITUDE AND A PREDISPOSITION TOWARD VIOLENCE SEPARATED GANG FROM NONGANG YOUTH

GANG CHARACTERISTICS

	TERRITORIALITY - LOCALIZED,
	SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND TRADITIONS
	GROUP AWARENESS - CONFLICT WITH AUTHORITIES AND OTHER GANGS

	IMAGE CHANGED WITH MORE EMPHASIS ON VIOLENCE
	RUMBLES OVER TERRITORY

	LOS ANGELES POLICE, YELLING "WHERE ARE YOU FROM?" BEFORE A CRIME WILL DESIGNATE IT AS GANG RELATED
	CHICAGO - MOTIVE SEPARATES A GANG-RELATED ACTIVITY

CHICAGO IN 1960S

	REGULAR BOARD MEETINGS
	ATYPICAL OF ORGANIZATION

	SUBURBAN GANG
	A COMMITTED CORE OF 10 TO 12 CENTRAL MEMBERS

	FOUND IN LARGE LATINO GANGS IN CALIFORNIA
	CLIQUES BASED ON AGE AND SPECIALTY

	MILITARISTIC - CHAIN OF COMMAND
	CHARISMATIC - PERSONALITY OF LEADER
	VERBAL ABILITY (KRISBERG’S STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN GANGS)
	ABILITY TO FIGHT (HAGEDORN)

	EASIER AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY AUTOMOBILE URBAN RENEWAL (CHANGED SLUM DISTRICTS)
	MOBILITY OF RESIDENCE

THRASHER’S EARLY WORK SHOWED GANGS ARE FILLED WITH HAPPY-GO-LUCKY BOYS, PROVIDING STATUS

YABLONSKY’S VIOLENT GANGS

	NOT GROUPS AT ALL, BUT RATHER NEAR-GROUPS
	NOT ORGANIZED OR STABLE (POOR SOCIAL ABILITIES)

	POPULAR OPINION PREDICTS THAT GANGS EXIST FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMMITTING OFFENSES
	MOST RESEARCH FINDS THAT GANGES EXIT TO WHILE AWAY THE TIME

	IN THE MID-1990’S, MORE THAN HALF OF GANG MEMBERS LIVED IN CALIFORNIA, ILLINOIS, AND TEXAS
	1995 STUDY, MORE THAN 23,000 GANGS WITH ABOUT 665,000 MEMBERS IN 1741 COMMUNITIES ACROSS THE COUNTRY

CRIPS AND BLOODS

	LACK IN ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
	MUCH VIOLENCE

	LONGEVITY OVER DECADES
	MULTI-GENERATIONAL
	MEMBERSHIPS ACHIEVED THROUGH INITIATION RITUALS INVOLVING BEATING THE INITIATE
	KILKAS - AGE COHORTS

	KO-LIN FOUND CHINESE GANG ACTIVITY DOMINATED BY ACCUMULATING MONEY
	NOT FIGHTING WITH OTHER GANGS OVER TURF

	WHITE SUPREMACISTS
	NEO-NAZIS SPREAD VIA THE INTERNET

MILLER ATTRIBUTED THE GROWTH OF GANG VIOLENCE IN THE 1970S TO THE GUN

	SPERGEL, RECENT SPREAD OF GANG ACTIVITY FROM LARGEST CITES TO SMALLER ONES
	MOVEMENT OF LOW-INCOME FAMILIES FROM ONE AREA TO OTHERS

	CULTURE GANGS HOLD RESPECT, FRATERNITY, TRUST, AND LOYALTY TO GANG AND NEIGHBORHOOD AS BEDROCK VALUES
	INSTRUMENTAL OR ENTREPRENEURIAL GANGS MOTIVATED BY PROFIT AND CONTROL OF MARKETS

	RESEARCHERS NEED TO KEEP STREET GANGS AND DRUG GANGS SEPARATE
	NOT TO OVER-EMPHASIZE THE DRUG-GANG CONNECTION

	MOST FEMALE GANG DELINQUENCY IS RELATED TO FAMILY PROBLEMS AND GENDER ISSUES
	HARRIS’ STUDY OF LATINA GANGS IN CALIFORNIA ONCE IN GANGS, GIRLS BECAME MORE LOYAL TO THEM THAN TO THEIR SCHOOLS OR FAMILIES

	USE CONSPIRACY STATUES TO PROSECUTE EVEN THOSE GANG MEMBERS WHO WERE NOT PRESENT DURING THE COMMISSION OF A CRIME
	NEIGHBORHOOD SWEEPS
	HOT SPOT TARGETING
	MALCOLM KLEIN FOUND THAT MANY POLICE SUPPRESSION TACTICS BACKFIRE, INCREASING GANG COHESIVENESS

HAGEDORN’S RESEARCH

	THE POVERTY OF THE MINORITY UNDERCLASS STRENGTHENS THE GANG
	ECONOMIC STRESSES IN THE RUSTBELT MAY MAKE GANGS PERMANENT FEATURES OF THE LANDSCAPE

WILLIAM JULIUS WILSON

JOBLESSNESS AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION OF NEIGHBORHOODS

CREATE JOBS

	USING FORMER GANG MEMBERS AS YOUTH COUNSELORS
	KEEPING GANG MEMBERS FROM LIVING IN CERTAIN AREAS
	INFORMING AT-RISK STUDENTS ABOUT THE RISKS OF GANG ACTIVITY
	REQUIRING PUBLIC HOUSING RESIDENTS TO CARRY IDENTIFICATION CARDS

	TARGETING AT-RISK STUDENTS WITH JOB TRAINING AND ATHLETICS PROGRAMS
	SOCIAL AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
	CLASSROOM SERIES OF DANGERS OF GANGS

	IN 1989, 15 % OF 12-19 REPORTED GANGS PRESENT IN SCHOOLS. BY 1995, NEARLY 30% DID.
	SCHOOL OFFICIALS COMMONLY PROHIBIT GANG CLOTHING, COLORS AND HAIRSTYLES

	USED TRAFFIC BARRIERS TO BLOCK GANG ACCESS TO CERTAIN STREETS
	REDUCED HOMICIDES AND ASSAULTS IN THE PROGRAM AREA
	CHANGES OPPORTUNITIES FOR "HIT-AND-RUN" VIOLENT CRIMES