socialization of children
	inculcation of moral values
	reproduction and regulation of sexual activity
	provision of material, physical, and emotional security

	inclined toward the good
	no relationship between religiosity and delinquency

Hirschi and Stark, "Hellfire and Delinquency"

religiosity, coupled with family and peer support, prevents delinquency (later studies)

	1. Abuse
	2. Family conflict and tension
	3. Absent or separated parents
	4. Lack of love and support

	1. Fair discipline
	2. Care and support
	3. Positive role models

	half of the American teenagers who become pregnant each year about bear children
	compared to 10 percent of children in two-parent families, over 50 percent of children in one-parent families live in poverty
	about 25 percent of Anglo children, 35 percent of Latino children, and 60 percent of African-American children are being raised by single parents

seven competing scripts about fatherhood illustrate confusion of this social role

unnecessary, old, new, deadbeat, visiting, sperm, stepfather and nearby, good family man

	family structure broken by divorce, separation, or death of spouse
	Rutter, the effects of divorce or desertion is greater than death
	each year two percent of all married couples get divorce

	effects of single-parent families on delinquency is greater for minor offenses, and weaker for serious offenses
	financial considerations

	Lax supervision (homework)
	Children grow up too fast
	Greater autonomy for children
	Susceptibility to peer pressure

	Hetherington, divorce affects children more in the year after, but in the long run they do better than those with conflict.
	Single mothers suffer from task overload, financial problems,and social isolation.
	Wallerstien found that the problems of divorce can plague a family for years.

	Possible sampling bias from official statistics
	Justice system more likely to formally handle single-parent children
	Self-reports show equal distribution of delinquency
	Relationship between broken homes and delinquency is complex.

	60 % of mothers with children under age 6 are in the paid labor force
	one way mothers compensate is by cutting their own sleep and leisure time
	adolescents receive about two hours nurturing time per week from parents

	20% of sons of full-time working mothers
	17% of part-time working mothers
	16% of full-time homemakers were delinquent
	weak relationship between mother’s employment and delinquency

	more fears and worries, less adult supervision and more vulnerability to peer pressure (Steinberg)
	students who spend 11 or more hours in self-care twice as likely to use drugs/alcohol (Richardson)
	presence of parents at home at key times reduced emotional distress, alcohol/drugs, and sexual intercourse

	patriarchal families - large gender-ratio differences in common delinquency
	girls in patriarchal families are not interested in taking risks (Hagan)
	egalitarian families minimal gender differences

	a mother’s relative workplace power is not a key explanatory variable in girls’ delinquency (Morash and Chesney-Lind)
	power in the workplace may not translate into power in the home

	characterize families with delinquent children
	enmeshed style (everything is problematic)
	lax (nothing is)
	solve by problem solving before parents erupt

high parental monitoring with high parental support was the key factor in prevention (Barnes and Farrell)

	prenatal and early childhood health care
	early intervention
	comprehensive family policy
	family treatment for trouble youths
	parent training
	family interventions are preferable to "get tough" policies as ways to develop competent adults

	authoritative
	authoritarian
	indulgent
	indifferent

	feel loved, identify with parents, and respect their families wishes
	strongly attached have better communication

	parents are unimportant in the socialization of children
	50% genetic
	50% peers

	physical and sexual abuse
	physical neglect
	lack of supervision
	emotional maltreatment
	educational maltreatment
	moral-legal maltreatment

	Child abuse: any physical or emotional trauma to a child for which no reasonable explanation can be found
	Abuse is generally a pattern rather than a single event
	Child neglect: a passive terms referring to deprivations that children suffer at the hands of parents

	Parents who were abused themselves
	Cyclic family violence
	Isolated and alienated families
	Abuse higher in single parent homes
	Substance abuse and child abuse

	Injury, malnutrition, depression, and death
	About 3 children die each day from parental maltreatment (National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse)

	Aggressive behavior
	Lack of empathy
	Inability to cope with stress
	Fewer positive interactions with peers

	maltreated more likely to become involved in delinquency
	frequency greater for all levels delinquency
	more extreme maltreatment, more arrests
	more multiple problems (school, physical, mental, and social problems)

most had experienced severe abuse and maltreatment as children