Treatment, correction, and rehabilitation of young offenders.
	To rehabilitate those juveniles that can be rehabilitated and confinement for those that are not.
	By community involvement, education and re-structuring our juvenile justice system.

	most common alternative
	in most states decisions made by the staff of the institutions where the juvenile is confined
	problem in that probation case loads are too high for effective supervision

critics of electronic monitoring say that the ease and convenience of the system "widens the net" to include juveniles who would ordinarily be put on less restrictive probation

	money or services
	Justice Fellowship click on Restorative Justice

typically exclude sex offenders, armed robbers, and youths with records of serious violence

release of an individual from an institution before the scheduled period of commitment has ended

A system of juvenile control that places wayward youths in private mental hospitals and substance-abuse clinics for behaviors that could easily have brought them a stay in a correctional facility or community-based program.

	about 100,000 juveniles are typically housed in public and private facilities each year
	1994 study of OJJDP found that nearly half of juveniles in training schools were African-American
	research on racial disparities is mixed criminal involvement, racial discrimination, and community structures have all found to be related

	The typical resident is a 15 to 16 year-old white male who is incarcerated for an average stay of approximately five months.
	Of all 80% are male, 20% are female. 48% are white, 37% black, and 13% Hispanic.

as a result of federal efforts in the early 1970s, about 2.6 percent of juveniles in public facilities were held for status offenses by 1995

order and regimentation are maintained through punishment

	formal educational experience of the free community is simulated for the offender
	poorly coordinated and contradictory influences of the various staff members on juveniles

	Facilitates personality change
	Client and therapist

staff is selected for their well-balanced skills and interest in youth

open collaborative setting

offender and community family, peer groups, schools, police, social agencies

as an institution changes its orientation from custody to treatment the negative influences of confinement are reduced

inmates who have spent long periods of time in custody-oriented institutions have negative attitudes toward the institution

	oppressive institutional settings produce authoritarian subcultures among the inmates
	less inmate hostility and aggression found in cottage systems

aggression and coercion are commonly used to establish inmate hierarchies and roles

	Parent found serious deficiencies: living space security control of suicidal behaviors health care
	60 confined juveniles reported to have AIDS in 1994

it does not attempt to change a youth's personality, rather it attempts to help individuals understand and solve their present adjustment problems.

psychotherapy

requires extensive analysis of the individual's past childhood experiences. The therapist attempts to help the individual solve conflicts and make a more positive adjustment to society through altering negative behavior.

emphasizes the present behavior of offenders by making them completely responsible for their actions.

is based on the theory that all behavior is learned and that present behavior can be shaped though a system of rewards and punishments.

probes into the personality and attempts to restructure it.

is based on the theory that through group interactions, a delinquent can begin to realize and solve personal problems.

this program use groups in which peer leaders get other youths to conform to conventional behaviors.

teach juveniles skills that will help them adjust more easily when they are released into long term facilities because children must to school until they are a certain age.

	State Industrial School for Girls in Lancaster, Massachusetts designed to save young, poor girls from urban vice and crime
	deinstitutionalization movement closed
	females accounted for about 11 percent of juveniles in public facilities

	found most frequent programs for girls were nursing, cosmetology, and food service
	programs for boys included courses in welding and small-engine repair

	pseudo families allow girls to mitigate and manage the pains of confinement
	Mann contends that they help staff to maintain social control

found social roles among females inmates that have also been observed in male institutions finks, rats, or snitchers junior staff squares and straights sissies

	since 1990, the juveniles in adult prisons have nearly doubled
	Forst found that 37 percent of juveniles assigned to juvenile facilities were victims of violence, whereas 46 percent of juveniles assigned to adult facilties were victims of violence

	in 1998, there were 73 people on death row who had committed their offenses while under the age of 18
	U. S., Bangladesh, Barbados, Iran, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen
	Perspective: The Question Is: What Is Just? - Prison Fellowship

	Stanford v. Kentucky
	Wilkins v. Missouri
	rejected the argument that anyone younger than 18 at the time of commission of a capital crime should not be executed