taken into custody

	cases are screened out of the system they do no warrant a formal court hearing
	prosecutor assesses the legal adequacy of the case and may dismiss it

	assign a child to informal probation, in the absence of a court order
	lecture the juvenile, rather than file a petition
	delay the intake decision, pending restitution or some other action
	ask the judge to lecture the juvenile
	file a petition

temporary confinement of children without a physically restructuring facility pending adjudication, disposition, or implantation of disposition.

	protect child
	protect society from further law-breaking
	prevent child from absconding

In 1995, most cases in which juvenile were detained involved drug or alcohol offenses.

1,714,300 juveniles were referred to juvenile court, a 45% increase from 1986.

	Miranda warning is also given to parents.
	outcome is sustaining, dismissing, or continuing a petition of delinquency

	informal discussions about the juvenile’s options are part of the judge’s decision-making
	probation most likely

	informal adjustment
	mediation
	community youth boards
	diversion programs

	hearing before a case in juvenile court can be waived to criminal court
	Justice Fortas said the juvenile justice system was the "worst of both worlds." stripped away parens patriae

	Gerald Gault accused of making a lewd phone call.
	Overall justification was parens patriae and the best interests of the child.
	Justice Fortas said "neither the Fourteenth Amendment nor the Bill of Rights" is for adults only.
	Limitation - restricted to what goes on in the adjudication stage.

	declined to extend a constitutional right to jury trial to juveniles.
	Jury trials bring with them delay, formality, and the clamor of the adversary system.
	Dissenting judges argued that potential loss of liberty is as significant an issue for a child as it is for an adult, so full constitutional protections should apply.

	death penalty may be imposed on people who committed their crimes when they were 16 or 17 years old
	Justice Scalia - a 16 year old is mature enough to understand that murder is profoundly wrong.

execution of 15 year old unconstitutional

	traditionally protected confidentiality
	By 1996, 22 states provided for open hearings for certain cases.

	14 year old boy who shot and killed a classmate in school (1979)
	when information is lawfully obtained, the state cannot prohibit its publication

	Is delinquency actually criminality?
	Will juvenile records that are leaked

	seriousness of offense (violent crimes)
	older youths and long criminal records
	society’s frustration with serious juvenile offenders

	In 1994, Congress lowered the minimum age for transferring juveniles to adult prosecution for certain serious violent federal offenses to 13.
	In most states, 17 is the upper age limit for juvenile court jurisdiction.

	One percent of all petitioned delinquency cases in 1995.
	Nearing age of juvenile court jurisdiction, is accused of a serious offense, and has a lengthy prior record.
	Most youths who meet the statutory-age and offense criteria for waiver are not transferred to criminal court.