Conflict is defined as perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
	The occurrence of conflict in any relationship can stimulate improved human relations. Without conflict, people seldom face and resolve their problems. Peace is  the result of creatively managed conflict.
	Social dilemmas Pursuing one's self-interest to the collective detriment of one's community or society is the central pattern in a social dilemma. As the text points out, threatening an enemy with “big sticks” doesn't deter war. Yet arms spending continues. This fact is partly explained by the laboratory observation that unconditional cooperation (e.g., disarmament) often gets exploited. The prisoner’s dilemma In the Prisoner's Dilemma, if both prisoners confess, each will get a moderate sentence; if neither confesses, each will get a light sentence. In playing the laboratory version of the Prisoner's Dilemma, you would personally obtain the best payoff on any given trial if you confess and the other person doesn't confess.  The tragedy of the commons In the common's dilemma people often consume more than they realize when resources are not partitioned. .    In Julian Edney's Nuts Game, each player seated beside a bowl of nuts wants to accumulate as many nuts as possible, and every 10 seconds the bowl's total is doubled. Most of Edney's groups empty the bowl before even the first 10-second replenishment. Resolving social dilemmas In both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Commons Dilemma, people are tempted to explain their own behavior situationally and others' behavior dispositionally. In a non-zero-sum game  both can win and both can lose. Research on laboratory dilemmas reveals that cooperation is facilitated if the opponents can communicate with one another.
	Competition
	Perceived injustice

	Self-serving bias, group polarization, and negative stereotypes are potential seeds of misperception.
	The misperceptions of those who are in conflict with each other, such as two nations who regard each other with suspicion and hostility, are usually mutual.
	Mirror-image perceptions The reciprocal views that parties in conflict often hold of one another We are good, you are bad John believes he is hardworking but his wife Rachel is lazy. Rachel believes she is hardworking but John is lazy.
	Shifting perceptions Japanese after World War II

	contending, that is, arguing for the merits of a mountain vacation, even threatening to go alone if Mary does not agree
	problem-solving approach and attempt to find a vacation spot that satisfies both sets of interests
	yield to Mary’s preference and go to the seashore
	inactive (do nothing) in the hope that their disagreement will go away
	withdraw from the controversy by deciding not to take any vacation.

	Contact
	When does desegregation improve racial attitudes? Friendship Equal status contact Noncompetitive Supported by authorities

	Common external threats
	Superordinate goals
	Cooperative learning
	Generalizing positive attitudes
	Group and superordinate identities
	A common excuse for noncooperation is  “I couldn't have made a difference anyway.”
	According to research, it seems that just knowing about the dire consequences of noncooperation in a social dilemma has little real effect on people's behavior.

	Despite the fact that, as Sherif noted, the behavior of the boys in the warring camps seemed “wicked, disturbed, and vicious,” what actually triggered their evil behavior was an "evil situation."
	Competition between two groups of boy campers escalated
	Superordinate goal of restoring water to make enemies into friends
	Remember this at church camp!

Shomer, Davis, & Kelley, 1966 - under certain limited conditions threat may promote cooperation When threat is the only form of communication possible, and when it can signal one’s intent without actually producing a negative outcome for the opposing party, it may facilitate cooperation In most cases, however, threat increases rather than decreases tension.

Communication Bargaining Mediation Arbitration

	Equity exists when rewards are distributed in proportion to individuals' contributions.
	Individualistic cultures are to equity as collectivistic cultures are to equality.
	"From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs" is a motto that would most likely be found in a noncapitalist culture.

GRIT Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction To de-escalate international tensions

	Expanding the fixed pie
	Dehexing the winner’s curse Get a mechanic’s evaluation
	De-escalating conflict
	Undercutting overconfidence
	Reframing negotiations