1. Altruism is a motive to increase another’s ____________________ without conscious regard for one’s ____________________.
2. Social-exchange theory states that helping, like other social behaviors, is guided by social ____________________ in which we aim to maximize our ____________________ and minimize our ____________________. Rewards for helping may be either ____________________ (for example, social approval) or ____________________ (for example, reducing one’s own distress).
3. People are ____________________ willing to help after transgressing, apparently in order to relieve private ____________________ and to restore a positive public image. People who are in a ____________________ mood also tend to be altruistic especially when being helpful is a way of altering their mood. This "feel bad-to-do-good" effect is generally not found in ____________________. Finally, people who are in a ____________________ mood are consistently more helpful.
4. Researchers have identified two social norms that seem to motivate altruism. The ____________________ norm is an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. The norm is an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. We apply the norm selectively by giving aid to those who ____________________ it. In time of need, women receive ____________________ offers of help than men, especially from men.
5. Evolutionary psychology contends that the essence of life is gene ____________________ and thus we are programmed to be selfish. However, two forms of helping that are favored by natural selection are ____________________ protection and ____________________. Most evolutionary psychologists believe that, since people are born selfish, we must ____________________ altruism.
6. The three theories of helping ____________________ one another in offering different levels of explanation. Yet each is vulnerable to charges of being speculative and of merely explaining-by-____________________. Psychologist Daniel Baston believes that seeing someone in distress may lead us to feel ____________________ as well as distress and then our helping may be motivated by genuine ____________.
7. As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, any given bystander is less likely to ____________________ the incident, less likely to ____________________ it as an emergency, and less likely to assume ____________________ for taking action. This is especially true when the situation is ____________________ and the other bystanders are ____________________ who cannot easily detect one another’s alarm.
8. People are likely to help after seeing someone else ____________________ and when they are not in a ____________________. We are most likely to help those who are ____________________ to us in both dress and beliefs.
9. Early research found only ____________________ relationships between personality variables and helping. More recently, personality researchers have found that those high in positive ____________________, empathy, and ____________________ are most likely to be concerned and helpful. The ____________________ of the person and situation is clearly seen in research comparing the helpfulness of males and females. ____________________ faith predicts long-term altruism as reflected in volunteerism and charitable contributions.
10. One way to promote helping is to ____________________ those factors that inhibit helping. According to the decision tree, assisting people to ____________________ an incident correctly, and to assume ____________________ for intervening, should increase their involvement. Research shows that ____________________ asking people for help and making them more ____________________-aware promotes altruism.
11. Reprimands and the door-in-the-____________________ technique promote helping by evoking ____________________ feelings and concern for one’s self-image.
12. We can also ____________________ moral inclusion. Research indicates that television’s prosaic ____________________ have even greater effects on children than its antisocial ones.
13. The ____________________ effect suggests that we not use excessive rewards or threats in socializing altruism. If people are provided with just enough justification to help, they will view themselves as ____________________ persons and be more helpful. Finally, students who have heard about ____________________ on altruism are more helpful.

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