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A RANGE OF VIEWS OF HELL:
AS SEEN BY CONSERVATIVE PROTESTANTS
A fascinating book, "Four views on Hell," edited by William Crockett,
features himself and three other Evangelical systematic theologians debating their
conflicting personal beliefs about Hell. 1 Each of the four contributors
passionately believes that their own interpretation of Hell is accurately derived from the
Biblical text.
Beliefs covered in the book are:
| Literal or Orthodox view:
| This has been the historical teaching of the Christian Church. |
| Hell is a place of punishment that lasts forever. "There is not a single passage
in the Bible that ever states that the punishments of hell are temporarily or will be
terminated." 1, Page 80 |
| The descriptions of the horrors of Hell that are found in the Gospel of Matthew and in
the rest of the Bible are literally true. Everlasting and terrible levels of torture are
required by "a righteous God who demands absolute justice of the wicked."
1, Page 12 |
| Some inmates of Hell would be punished more severely than others, depending on the
seriousness of their crimes. This is implied in Mark 12:40 and Luke 12:47-48. |
| Punishment is physical, mental, and emotional. Hell is described in the Bible as a very
dark place. Its inmates will realize that there will be no relief from their endless
punishment. These factors would add greatly to their suffering. |
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| Metaphorical view:
| This view has only been promoted since the 16th century. |
| Hell is a place where the unsaved will spend eternity. |
| The extreme pain and environmental conditions described in the Bible are not to be
interpreted literally. The biblical descriptions of heat, bondage, darkness, thirst,
worms, pain, flogging, fire, etc. are symbolic -- perhaps symbolizing the emotional pain
of being separated from God. |
| Two characteristics of Hell that are mentioned throughout the Christian Scriptures are
fire and darkness. Interpreted literally, these factors conflict. It is necessary to
interpret at least one of them symbolically; perhaps the other characteristics of Hell
should also be interpreted symbolically. As Billy Graham stated: "I have often
wondered if Hell is a terrible burning within our hearts for God, to fellowship with God,
a fire that we can never quench." 6 |
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| Purgatorial view:
| This is a belief taught by the Roman Catholic church. |
| Everyone, at death, is immediately judged. Those who have committed one or more
mortal sins that have not been repented and erased through church sacraments will go
directly to Hell. A very few who have lived unusually spiritual lives will go directly to
Heaven. The rest will go to Purgatory
which many Roman Catholics believe is a place of punishment -- a type of temporary
Hell. |
| After a period of punishment, which may extend over many centuries or millennia, each
inmate will become sufficiently purified. They will then be accepted into Heaven. |
| Purgatory was originally interpreted in symbolic terms. It later became viewed as an
actual location; a form of Hell. More recently, the church has returned to a more symbolic
interpretation. In 1999, Pope Paul II described a concept of Purgatory which is at
variance with the popular view. He stated that Purgatory "does not indicate a
place but a condition of life..." 2 |
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| Alternate beliefs: These many views have been proposed by a minority of
conservative Protestants who cannot harmonize "the doctrines of everlasting
punishment" with "a God of love and grace." As C.H.
Pinnock, an Evangelical writes: "Everlasting torture is intolerable from a moral
point of view because it pictures God acting like a bloodthirsty monster who maintains an
everlasting Auschwitz for his enemies whom he does not even allow to die. How can one love
a God like that? I suppose one might be afraid of him, but could we love and respect
him? Would we want to strive to be like him in his mercilessness?" 1
Some alternate views of Hell are:
| No Hell: The unsaved simply cease to exist at death. This belief is held by a few
Evangelical Christians who believe that unsaved persons will not be punished in Hell. Some
support for this concept can be found in the writings of Paul. e.g. Romans 6:23 "For
the wages of sin is death..." (KJV) |
| Hell is not really that bad: C.S. Lewis, in his book "The Great Divorce"
pictures Hell as a rather drab, inconvenient, almost pleasant place, whose inmates can
take a day-trip to the outskirts of Heaven. 8 This concept avoids the
picture of God as a sadistic torturer. However, Lewis' Hell is totally at variance with
countless biblical passages. |
| Conditional immortality (a.k.a. Conditionalism & Annihilation): The unsaved
are punished in Hell for an finite interval. The duration of one's sentence is determined
by the seriousness and frequency of one's sins while on earth. The individual then
experiences the "second death" and cease to exist at all in any form.
Supporters of this belief must necessarily abandon the concept of an immortal soul. Some
creative interpretations of some biblical passages are needed to fit the annihilation
theory:
| Mark 9:48, which refers to the worms that do not die and the fire that never ends, could
refer to the annihilation process itself, in which the bodies of the inmates of Hell are
totally destroyed after their second death. |
| Matthew 25:46 mentions eternal punishment; but this could refer simply to annihilation
itself being permanent, and ending all life and consciousness for eternity. |
| Revelation 14:9-11 describes the "smoke of their torment" rising
forever. But that does not necessarily mean that their torment lasts forever; only the
smoke does. |
More details on Conditionalism
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| Universalism: Origen (182 - 251 CE) taught that the unsaved are
tortured in Hell temporarily, with a series of graded punishments, until they are
sufficiently cleansed to be accepted into Heaven. This is the historical Universalist
belief. It was condemned as a heresy. It formed a major part of the beliefs of the
Universalist church (now merged into the Unitarian Universalist Association).
Everyone is eventually saved and is welcomed into heaven. |
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http://www.religioustolerance.org/hell_eva.htm
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