|
Chronology
of the Papal-Imperial Conflict
|
| 870-962 |
Period of rampant papal corruption |
| 1039-1056 |
Reign of Henry III, height of
Holy Roman Empire |
| 1044-1046 |
Three rival popes claims office after
Pope Benedict IX sells the office, then recants. |
| 1046 |
Henry III deposes the three popes and
begins a papal reform movement |
| 1049-1054 |
Pontificate of Leo IX; Leo begins serious
reform of simony, the practice of selling church offices |
| 1054 |
The Great Schism; Western Roman
Church and Eastern Orthodox Church break, pronouncing anathemas on each
other. |
| 1056-1106 |
Reign of Henry IV, main opponent to papal
claims of authority |
| 1059 |
Papal Election Decree; pope now to
be chosen by college of cardinals |
| 1073-1085 |
Pontificate of Gregory VII |
| 1075 |
Gregory VII proclaims his list of papal
prerogatives, Dictatus Papae; he bans lay investiture |
| 1076 |
Gregory VII excommunicates and deposes
Henry IV; German nobles threaten to elect a new ruler. |
| 1077 |
Henry IV forced to humble himself before
Gregory VII at
Canossa |
| 1080 |
Second excommunication and deposition of
Henry IV; Henry invades Italy |
| 1088-1099 |
Pontificate of Urban II |
| 1095 |
First Crusade |
| 1106-1125 |
Reign of Henry V, less interested in
maintaining imperial authority |
| 1122 |
Concordat of
Worms, recognized the right of
the emperor to have symbolical territorial jurisdiction, but also stressed
the separate authority of the papacy to make its own ecclesiastical
appointments |
| 1152-1190 |
Reign of Frederick I, Barbarossa; second
wave of royal opposition to papal control; tries to regain imperial
control of Lombardy. |
| 1154-1159 |
Pontificate of Hadrian IV. Handrian acts
as a chief opponent to Frederick I. |
| 1155 |
Execution of
Arnold
of
Brescia, spiritual leader of the patrene rebellion in Rome, which
attempted to strip papacy of its political power and wealth. |
| 1159-1181 |
Pontificate of Alexander III |
| 1176 |
Lombards
defeat Barbarossa at Legnano |
| 1180 |
Barbarossa defeats Duke Henry the Lion of
Saxony |
| 1190-1197 |
Reign of Henry VI |
| 1194 |
Henry VI becomes king of
Sicily |
| 1198-1216 |
Pontificate of Innocent III--height of
papal power in the medieval period |
| 1211-1250 |
Reign of Frederick II; declares a return
to imperial doctrine of emperor as "God's vicar on earth." |
| 1214 |
Philip Augustus defeats Otto of Brunswick
at Bouvines |
| 1215 |
Fourth Lateran Council begins the
Inquisition, defines the doctrine of transubstantiation, and refines the
process of the Mass. |
| 1227-1241 |
Pontificate of Gregory IX--suspends
Frederick II as emperor |
| 1232 |
Gregory IX forced to flee before
rebellion in city of Rome |
| 1243-1254 |
Pontificate of Innocent IV |
| 1245 |
First Council of
Lyons--Innocent IV excommunicates Frederick II |
| 1254-1273 |
Interregnum in
Germany--no imperial ruler |
| 1273-1291 |
Reign of Rudolph of Hapsburg, gives up
imperial claims for recognition by papacy |
| 1274 |
Second Council of Lyons--Gregory X
attempts to heal the Great Schism with Eastern Orthodoxy; no lasting
results. |
| 1282-1302 |
War of Sicilian Vespers, Sicilian
independence gained from Holy Roman Empire for a century |
| 1291 |
Fall of Acre, Last Crusade ends |
| 1294-1303 |
Pontificate of Boniface VIII |
| 1302 |
Boniface VIII issues Unam Sanctam |
| 1303 |
Boniface VIII humiliated at Anagni by
agents of Philip IV |
| 1305-1314 |
Pontificate of Clement V; papacy moves to
Avignon |
| 1303-1378 |
Babylonian Captivity of papacy at
Avignon; papacy controlled by Capetian kings. |
| 1378-1417 |
Papal schism: Two lines of popes
result--one in France, the other in Rome |
| 1409 |
Council of Pisa--elects pope to rival
first two lines; ends up creating three lines. |
| 1414-1418 |
Council of Constance--deposes
Benedict XII (Avignon) and John XXIII (Pisa), recognizes the Roman line,
and elects Martin V as the new pope (1417). |
| 1417-1431 |
Pontificate of Martin V |
| 1431-1449 |
Council of Basel declared itself
superior to the pope and worked to resolve various political issues. It
eventually dissolves under pressure from Frederick III and Pope Martin V;
end of the conciliar movement |
| 1440-1493 |
Reign of Frederick III |
| 1458-1464 |
Pontificate of Pius II |
| 1464 |
Pius II's attempt at leading a crusade
fails |