An objective fact of the loss of a loved one who has died. A change of status An outcome of large-scale social phenomena September 11

The process of feeling distress or sorrow. How you think, eat, sleep, make it through the day

	The emotional responses of heartbreak, anger, or relief to the death of a loved one
	Reactions and responses to a loss. These are very individual and can occur on emotional, physical, cognitive, spiritual and behavioral levels

Three primary tasks for successfully managing grief letting go adjusting to life without the deceased forming new relationships

	Feeling a tightness in the throat
	Choking and shortness of breath
	Feeling a painful tension
	Muscular weakness
	Empty feeling in abdomen

	Increased production of cortisol in people who have high levels of separation anxiety
	Young monkeys show less behavioral and physiological stress during maternal separation if they can remain in a familiar environment.

Rosenblatt's study of nineteenth century diaries found that grief experiences seemed to come back in waves, even years after the death.

	Culturally and socially sanctioned ways that individuals convey that they have experienced a loss.
	In modern society there are no strict social definitions of what is appropriate mourning behavior.

	A guide to the spirit world
	Music for safe passage of the soul
	A symbolic horse to carry the body of the deceased

Mr. Sweet did all of the following: Come close to death several times, to be rescued by children's kisses and tickles. Instruct and delight the neighbor children. Represented those whose career hopes had been blocked by poverty and prejudice.

Bereaved people among the are greeted regularly by every member of the community with expressions of concern, support, and encouragement.

"Accept the reality of the death in order to liberate one's self from the strong attachment one had to the lost object."

	Grief is an adaptive response to loss, not just an expression of emotional pain.
	It is a mistake to insist that one's self or others should quickly snap back to normal life after a loved one has died.
	The recovery process is complicated by the survivor's resistance to letting go of the attachment.

Explains the intensity of persistence of grief responses on the basis of attachment theory connection between biological need for survival and grief

	Preoccupation with thoughts of the deceased person.
	Repeatedly going over the loss experience in one's mind.
	Attempting to explain the loss.

	Very little scientific evidence on the grief-work hypothesis
	Cultural differences Bereaved persons in Bali are expected to be cheerful. Bereaved persons in Egypt are expected to share their pain and sorrow with others.

All the theories firmly agree of the need to accept the loss.

	Moos found role confusion
	Change in communication patterns

Differences between widows and widowers The men more often reported a sense of dismemberment. The women found more comfort in leave-taking ceremonies and the funeral services. The men were more likely to blame themselves. The women were more comfortable with direct expression of their feelings.

	Woman expressed relief that her husband’s long period of suffering has ended. still felt pain and desolate and abandoned by protector not as much suffering as those suddenly transformed into widows
	Men felt "like both my arms are cut off."

	It provides a sense of closure to the deceased's life.
	They provide important social support for the bereaved.

	Unexpected grief syndrome
	Conflicted grief syndrome
	Chronic grief syndrome

Thinking about the dead person and/or the circumstances of the death over and over again.

	Sorrow over a perinatal death.
	Years later parents still feel anguish.

Inner representation of the dead child Often is a comforting part of the normal grief process

	Traumatic those that suddenly and unexpectedly end a life in a violent manner murder, suicide, war,accident, or natural disaster
	Stigmatized are seen as immoral, shameful, and discrediting AIDS and suicides

Stress on family members family members not kept in communication loop forced to relive the trauma in the courtroom defense attorneys attach the character of the murder victim seeing the accused killer

The death of a teenager in a car accident

The burden of experiencing and coping with still another loss that is added to the many that had already been experienced.

	A high level of purpose in life
	A religious orientation emphasizing the hereafter
	A high self-esteem

	People who are most disturbed a few weeks after the death usually are the ones who continue to be disturbed a year later.
	Those with a difficult time in recovering from grief were likely to be engaging more often in using tranquilizers, smoking, and drinking.

	Grief from suicide is more complicated and prolonged for survivors.
	Suicide produces a tremendous sense of anger and outrage.
	Suicide produces strong feelings of guilt for survivors.

	Bereaved people have a higher death rate than other people.
	Younger adults have a relatively higher excessive mortality rate after bereavement as compared with the elderly.
	The single greatest cause of excessive mortality among bereaved people is some sort of heart disease.
	The suicide rates for bereaved people are much higher for men than women.

	Among nurses and care-givers
	AIDS survivors
	Developmentally disabled people

Grief does not have a final outcome: it is a life transition, a human experience.

Lois Pratt found a new trend regarding bereavement leave in her studies of management and labor negotiations in a large number of corporations of three days after the death of specified people. As a formal agreement